TORONTO – Brain scans of passengers who believed they were about to die when their plane ran out of fuel over the Atlantic in 2001 are helping researchers better understand traumatic memories.
Air Transat Flight 236, bound for Lisbon from Toronto on Aug. 24, 2001, crash-landed in the Azores after gliding powerless over the ocean for 30 minutes. Some of the 306 passengers and crew on board developed post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, as a result of the terrifying scare.
Brain imaging of eight of those passengers, conducted nine years after the event, shows the memories of that harrowing experience retained a rich vividness that “lit up” areas of the brain related to memory, emotion and visual processing.
READ MORE: How do airplane accidents affect survivors’ mental health?
The Canadian study, led by researchers at Baycrest Health Sciences’ Rotman Research Institute in Toronto, will be published online this week in the journal Clinical Psychological Science.
“This traumatic incident still haunts passengers regardless of whether they have PTSD or not,” said lead researcher Daniela Palombo, now a post-doctoral researcher at the Boston University School of Medicine.
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“They remember the event as though it happened yesterday, when in fact it happened almost a decade ago (at the time of the scans).”
Placed inside a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, each of the passengers watched a video containing news clips related to the flight and were asked to recall as many details of their experience as possible.
Similar videos were shown of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and a neutral event (such as footage of roadside scenery designed to trigger memories of taking a road trip). The passengers were again asked to recite all the details they could remember of those events.
“We found that they produced much more information from memory of the Air Transat event than the 9-11 event and the neutral event,” Palombo said from Boston.
READ MORE: Remember where you were on 9/11? Study suggests memory may be distorted
“So for the Air Transat event, we found that the better people remembered the event, the more brain activity we saw in regions that are associated with memory and emotion.”
However, the scans showed that the passengers did have heightened brain activity in relation to viewing images from 9-11, which occurred just three weeks after the Air Transat incident. The heightened brain activity did not show up in the scanned brains of a comparison group of non-traumatized participants when they recalled the terror attacks.
Palombo said the scare aboard Flight 236 may have changed the way the passengers process new information, possibly making them more sensitive to subsequent negative life events.
“What we think is happening is that perhaps passengers have somewhat of a carry-over effect,” she said. “When they’re remembering 9-11, they have some interference from the Air Transat event.”
READ MORE: PTSD and memory – Canadian docs study survivors on plane near-disaster
Baycrest neuropsychologist Brian Levine said the study is the first to look at the effects of trauma on memory through the lens of subjects that have all been through the same terror-filled event, rather than a group of people who had a variety of scarring experiences, such as military combat or sexual or physical abuse.
Because of the passengers’ shared experience, scientists were able to compare apples to apples, as it were, when asking the question: “What happens in the brain when you experience not just a highly vivid memory but a life-threatening memory?”
Levine, the senior author on the paper, said more fully answering that question with future studies could help clinicians better tailor drug treatments and cognitive therapies to individuals suffering with symptoms of PTSD.
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