As investors weigh how much further the Bank of Canada will tighten, the level of underlying inflation is likely to be a better signpost than the central bank’s much scrutinized estimate of the neutral interest rate, economists say.
Canada’s central bank last week raised its benchmark interest rate to 3.25 per cent — a 14-year high and the highest policy rate among central banks overseeing the 10 most traded currencies.
It left the policy rate above the two-to-three per cent range that the central bank estimates to be a neutral setting, or the level at which monetary policy is neither stimulating nor weighing on the economy.
A move above the neutral rate had been seen by the BoC and investors as a destination of sorts for interest rates. But economists say that the level for neutral could be underestimated in the short term.
“Pinpointing the neutral rate in this environment is like trying to hit a moving target while blindfolded,” said Royce Mendes, head of macro strategy at Desjardins.
“Realistically, the only way the central bank will know when rates are in restrictive territory is after the fact when the economy shows more signs of stress.”
The BoC defines the neutral rate as the real neutral rate plus two percentage points for inflation. The trouble is that inflation no longer runs anywhere near two per cent, and not just in Canada.
Some Federal Reserve officials have already said that the U.S. neutral rate could be higher than estimated in the current environment. On Wednesday, U.S. consumer price data undercut investor hopes of an easing in price pressures.
Meanwhile, the Bank of Canada has acknowledged the neutral concept’s shortcomings.
“There isn’t a sort of magic formula that gives us a neutral rate,” Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn Rogers said last Thursday. “A lot of it is sort of state dependent or depends on the environment we’re in.”
Canada’s headline inflation rate was at 7.6 per cent in July, while all three of the BoC’s preferred measures of core inflation were at or above five per cent. The central bank’s latest forecast, in July, was for inflation to remain above its five per cent target until the end of 2024.
“To fully crack inflation, tightening cycles typically need to see short-term interest rates rise above core inflation,” Doug Porter, chief economist at BMO Capital Markets, said in a note.
Money markets seem to agree on the need for more restrictive interest rates, expecting the BoC to tighten about three-quarters of a percentage point further over the coming months.
“There is enormous uncertainty around the peak policy rate,” said Derek Holt, head of capital markets economics at Scotiabank. “A best guess at where they land is something that approaches (four per cent) or somewhat overshoots.”
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