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Rosetta probe findings suggest Earth’s water did not come from comets

The picture released by the European Space Agency ESA on Wednesday, Nov. 12, 2014 was taken by the ROLIS instrument on Rosetta's Philae lander during descent from a distance of approximately 3 km from the 4-kilometer-wide (2.5-mile-wide) 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. Hundreds of millions of miles from Earth, the European spacecraft made history Wednesday by successfully landing on the icy, dusty surface of a speeding comet.
The picture released by the European Space Agency ESA on Wednesday, Nov. 12, 2014 was taken by the ROLIS instrument on Rosetta's Philae lander during descent from a distance of approximately 3 km from the 4-kilometer-wide (2.5-mile-wide) 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. Hundreds of millions of miles from Earth, the European spacecraft made history Wednesday by successfully landing on the icy, dusty surface of a speeding comet. AP Photo/ESA

WASHINGTON – The mystery of where Earth’s water came from got murkier Wednesday when some astronomers essentially eliminated one of the chief suspects: comets.

Over the past few months, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta space probe closely examined the type of comet that some scientists theorized could have brought water to our planet 4 billion years ago. It found water, but the wrong kind.

READ MORE: 5 cool things about the Rosetta mission

It was too heavy. One of the first scientific studies from the Rosetta mission found that the comet’s water contains more of a hydrogen isotope called deuterium than water on Earth does.

VIDEO GALLERY: The Rosetta mission
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“The question is who brought this water: Was it comets or was it something else?” asked Kathrin Altwegg of the University of Bern in Switzerland, lead author of a study published in the journal Science.

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Something else, probably asteroids, Altwegg concluded. But others disagree.

Animation of Comet 67/P. ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA

Many scientists have long believed that Earth had water when it first formed, but that it boiled off, so that the water on the planet now had to have come from an outside source.

The findings from Rosetta’s mission to the duck-shaped comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko complicate not just the question of the origin of Earth’s water but our understanding of comets.

Until now, scientists pretty much sorted comets into two types: near and far. The near ones, sometimes called the Jupiter family, originally come from the Kuiper Belt outside Neptune and Pluto. The far ones hail from the Oort Cloud, which is much farther out.

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READ MORE: Space exploration: Why do we invest in missions to asteroids and comets?

In 1986, a spacecraft came within about 400 miles of Halley’s comet, an Oort Cloud comet, and analyzed its water. It proved to be heavier than Earth’s. But three years ago, scientists examined the water in a Kuiper Belt comet, Hartley 2, and it was a perfect match for Earth’s, so the comet theory was back, stronger than ever, Altwegg said.

Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko activity on 2 August 2014. ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA

The comet visited by Rosetta is a Kuiper Belt comet, but its water was even heavier than Halley’s, Altwegg said. That shows that Kuiper Belt comets aren’t as uniform as thought, and it once again complicates the issue of Earth’s water.

“That probably rules out Kuiper Belt comets from bringing water to Earth,” she said.

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University of Maryland astronomer Michael A’Hearn, who wasn’t part of the research, called the results startling but said they don’t eliminate comets altogether. The water could have come from other types of Kuiper Belt comets, he said.

NASA Near Earth Object program manager Donald Yeomans, however, said the study does pretty much rule out comets.

While asteroids are a good suspect — they probably had more water on them 4 billion years ago than they do now — another possibility is that Earth kept some of its original water in its crust or in ice at the poles, Altwegg said.

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