Canada will reduce the number of new permanent residents to the country by 21 per cent by next year, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Immigration Minister Marc Miller announced on Thursday.
It’s part of a major series of changes to immigration targets that Trudeau says aims to freeze population growth.
“We’re announcing that we will reduce the number of immigrants we bring in over the next three years, which will result in a pause in the population growth over the next two years,” Trudeau told reporters Thursday.
“We didn’t get the balance quite right.”
As reported by Global News on Wednesday, the federal government is reversing course on a plan to hold its immigration targets steady for 2026. According to the 2025–2027 Immigration Levels Plan, Canada will reduce the number of new permanent residents from 500,000 to 395,000 in 2025.
Next year, 40 per cent of all new permanent residents will come from those temporary residents who are already here, Miller said while making the announcement.
The federal government said this number is expected to fall further to 380,000 by 2026 and 365,000 by 2027.
Trudeau said that while the realities of the pandemic meant Canada needed more workers, the situation in the labour market had changed.
According to the plans laid out last year, the federal government said it would maintain previously-set targets of welcoming 485,000 new permanent residents in 2024 and 500,000 new permanent residents for 2025. According to last year’s plan, the number would stay at 500,000 in 2026 and “stabilize.”
Thursday’s plan also lays out levels of temporary residents, with the aim of reducing temporary resident volumes to less than five per cent of the general population. Canada plans to welcome 445,901 temporary residents by 2025, which will be reduced to 445,662 in 2026.
In 2026, however, the number of temporary residents will see a “modest increase” of 17,439 to 463,101.
Miller added that Canada had also seen a 43 per cent reduction in study permits being issued this year.
He said the reduced immigration numbers could reduce Canada’s housing need by as much as 670,000 units by the end of 2027.
“That means that we will not have to build an additional 670,000 housing units by that time,” he said.
Miller said that the focus of the permanent resident program will be on “those who are already here”.
“We are an open country, but not everyone can come to this country,” he said.
“While it’s clear our economy needs newcomers, we see the pressures facing our country, and we must adapt our policies accordingly,” said Miller.
He added, “These changes will make immigration work for our country so that everyone has access to the quality jobs, homes and supports they need to thrive. We have listened to Canadians, and we will continue to protect the integrity of our system and grow our population responsibly.”
This comes as the latest in a series of rollbacks of immigration levels. In March, the federal government set targets for temporary residents for the first time.
This is being done, Miller had said, to ensure “sustainable” growth in the number of temporary residents coming into Canada.
Miller said as of 2023, Canada was home to 2.5 million temporary residents, who make up 6.2 per cent of Canada’s entire population. Over the next three years, the government plans to bring that down to five per cent.
Migrant rights groups have warned that cutting back on permanent resident levels will leave the most vulnerable migrant workers with fewer pathways to residency.
Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre blasted the Liberal government’s “flip-flop” that he said demonstrated a “massive admission of failure” on immigration policy.
“We can’t expect that Justin Trudeau will keep any of these frantic, panicked, last-minute promises that he’s making to reverse his earlier decisions,” Poilievre said.
“He destroyed the best immigration system in the world, a system that had a common sense consensus of Conservatives and Liberals for 150 years.”
How will the cuts impact the economy?
A report by BMO economist Robert Kavcic said the cuts made to immigration levels on Thursday can have “wide ranging implications” on the Canadian economy.
“The biggest implication is that it will take stress off the economy and infrastructure that has become almost debilitating in recent years—think housing, services and infrastructure,” the report said.
It added, “While this move will dampen demand, all else equal— think spending in retail, food and telecom services—we need to dispel the narrative that slower population growth will be bad for the economy.”
He said the cuts will especially ease the pressure on housing prices and rents.
“We’ve long argued that Canada has a housing demand problem. This policy change will be felt quickly, and will make other supplyside measures look almost like rounding error,” the report said.
Scotiabank economist Derek Holt, however, said whiplash in immigration policies could end up hurting Canada in the long run.
In a report published before the immigration announcement, when reports of future cuts were circulating, Holt said this could lead to potential immigrants choosing countries like Australia, the U.S. or New Zealand over Canada.
“There must be accountability for the damage done to Canada’s stature as a welcoming, reliable nation for new arrivals. Frankly, as both an economist and a Canadian, I’m utterly ashamed of how this government has so severely botched the immigration file for several years now,” he said.
Migrant rights groups have said the move “scapegoats” immigrants.
“The government’s decision to cut permanent resident levels is a shameful capitulation to rising anti-immigrant sentiment in a desperate bid to regain political favor. These changes will force migrants into temporary or undocumented status, where they will be vulnerable to even greater exploitation and abuse,” Syed Hussan, spokesperson for the Migrant Rights Network, said.
Hussan said reducing the number of permanent residents would leave fewer pathways to residency for vulnerable migrants.
Daniel Bernhardt, CEO at the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, said “105,000 fewer permanent residents reflect less than 0.25% of the population. This measure will not cool the housing market but Canadians will feel their absence, with 105,000 fewer workers to build more housing, staff more daycare spots, and reduce healthcare wait times.”
The Canadian Chamber of Commerce said businesses across the country “have had to deal with abrupt and constant changes to immigration policy.”
“Significantly decreasing our labour pool will impact thousands of these employers across Canada struggling to find the workforce they need to operate and grow,” the Chamber said in a statement Thursday.
Former U.S. president and current Republican nominee Donald Trump, who has called for widespread crackdowns on immigration and border security, also weighed in on Canada’s announcement.
“Even Justin Trudeau wants to close Canada’s borders,” Trump said in a post on his social media site Truth Social, adding that the U.S. policy on immigration “must be corrected.”
—With files from Global’s Sean Boynton