Donald Trump won the presidency by pledging to restore a vanished and golden economic era, when growth roared, factory jobs flourished and America sat unchallenged atop the global economy.
Yet he never offered much of a roadmap.
Which is why it’s far from clear how Trump will affect the economy, even though his agenda enjoys the advantage of Republican control of both the House and Senate. Trump has pledged to revitalize the mainly white working class that elevated him – a tough task given an aging U.S. workforce, dwindling options for people with little education and years of stagnant pay.
READ MORE: Donald Trump arrives at White House to meet with Barack Obama as transition of power begins
Trump has said he’d slash taxes, strong-arm U.S. trading partners, end commitments to environmental rules and make it easier to drill for oil.
He’d lift federal regulations, void President Barack Obama’s health care law and curb immigration. And, of course, build a wall on the Southern border – and force Mexico to pay for it.
READ MORE: Huge spike in US web traffic crashed Canada’s immigration site election night
Those steps, Trump says, would turbocharge the economy. Yet many economists warn that his plans could spike the national debt, ignite trade wars and perhaps cause a recession.
It’s impossible to tell how his presidency will affect the economy and financial system just because so much is unknown, said Michael Arone of State Street Global Advisors:
“What policies will he pursue? How he moves from election to governing is unknowable.”
Here’s how Trump’s presidency might affect sectors of the U.S. economy and financial system:
On the economy
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Donald Trump: A President for all Americans -
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Donald Trump invited to White House to discuss transition of power -
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PM Trudeau describes his conversation with President-elect Trump
WATCH ABOVE: Donald Trump elected 45th U.S. president
The president-elect has said he can get the economy to grow nearly 4 per cent a year; it’s now running at half that pace.
He would ignite that growth, he’s said, by cutting taxes by roughly $6 trillion over 10 years, expanding oil and natural gas production and slashing most federal regulations.
Yet few analysts think the economy can expand much faster. An aging population means the workforce is adding fewer people, a recipe for tepid growth. And productivity – output per hour worked and vital to economic health – is chronically sluggish.
WATCH: Trudeau, Trump have had talks about renegotiating NAFTA
Those trends help explain why the Federal Reserve says the economy’s long-term annual growth is a slow 1.8 per cent. That’s a rationale for keeping interest rates near historic lows, especially with inflation tame. Trump has called Fed Chair Janet Yellen essentially a puppet of Obama. Yellen has inflated a stock bubble, Trump argues, by keeping rates too low for too long.
Yellen’s term as chair will end in early 2018, and Trump won’t likely re-nominate her for a second term. Still, analysts don’t expect Yellen to resign before her term ends, in part because of the disruption it might cause in financial markets.
The Fed has been considered all but sure to raise rates at its next meeting in mid-December, reflecting a strengthened U.S. economy. After Trump’s victory, investors still peg the likelihood of a December rate hike at 81 per cent, according to the CME Group.
Infrastructure spending
Trump has vowed to fix roads, bridges and airports – a sticking point in recent years as Congress and Obama failed to compromise on ways to pay for repairs to aging infrastructure.
As president, he said, he’d rely on tax credits to incentivize development. His advisers have asserted that $140 billion in tax credits could generate $1 trillion more in infrastructure investments over 10 years.
WATCH: What President Donald Trump will mean for Canada
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Donald Trump’s rocky relationship with the media
The approach might speed construction, though tax credits would likely favour profit-generating projects. It’s uncertain whether tax credits would lead to upgraded decaying sewer systems in impoverished cities with a shrinking tax base.
Overall, the funding would provide what economists see as an urgent priority. Public spending on transportation and water infrastructure has sunk below its 2003 levels, according to the Congressional Budget Office. Beth Ann Bovino, U.S. chief economist at Standard & Poor’s, has estimated that each dollar spent on infrastructure returns $1.30 to the economy.
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Tax cuts
WATCH ABOVE: Donald Trump on lowering taxes
Trump’s election could mean a big tax cut for affluent Americans, particularly the richest 1 per cent, and a much smaller tax cut for many others.
Analysts say those tax cuts would likely boost growth in the short run. But if all his changes were enacted, they would balloon the budget deficit and potentially lift interest rates and shrink the overall economy, economists say.
Nearly half the benefits from Trump’s proposed tax cuts would flow to the top 1 per cent, according to the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center. They’d receive an average tax cut of $215,000, lifting their after-tax income by 13.5 per cent, the policy centre found. The top 0.1 per cent would get a tax cut exceeding $1 million.
READ MORE: Donald Trump attacks ‘Obamacare’; Mike Pence blasts Canadian-style healthcare
Trump has proposed reducing the top bracket’s tax rate from 39.6 per cent to 33 per cent. He’d end taxes on estates and repeal some taxes on investment income. The corporate income tax rate would sink to 15 per cent from 35 per cent.
On average, middle-income households would receive a tax cut of $1,010, lifting their after-tax income 1.8 per cent, the Tax Policy Center says. But some middle- and lower-income households would face tax increases.
That’s because his plan eliminates the personal exemption, which lets households reduce taxable income for each household member. Trump would replace that with higher standard deductions. But for many single parents and families with three or more children, the standard deduction wouldn’t offset the loss of personal exemptions.
NAFTA and jobs
WATCH ABOVE: Trump calls NAFTA ‘the worst trade deal maybe ever signed, anywhere’
Trump says the economy’s sluggish growth is due to trade deals negotiated by incompetent leaders who betrayed workers, choosing instead to favour rich donors.
Mexico, China and Japan, he argues, operate by rules that have hurt the United States. He says agreements to open markets, like the North American Free Trade Agreement, led firms to ship factory jobs abroad – a trend he would stop by renegotiating these deals and penalizing U.S. companies that move manufacturing operations offshore.
READ MORE: It’s mainly robots, not NAFTA or China, stealing millions of jobs from U.S.
Trump says the result of these trade deals is a $500 billion trade gap that he’d close by raising tariffs if necessary to restore factory jobs.
Yet foreign governments could view the threat of higher tariffs as the start of a trade war. And even if U.S. manufacturing did expand, automation means factories need fewer workers.
Goodbye Obamacare?
WATCH ABOVE: Trump lays out plan to repeal and replace Obamacare
Within the health care industry, Trump is viewed with trepidation. Insurers, pharmaceutical firms and hospitals would stand to lose if a repeal of Obama’s health care law, as Trump has vowed, increases the number of uninsured Americans. Even if, as critics like Trump say, the Obama’s health care law is rife with complexity and complications for health care companies, it does offer the long-term prospect of more paying customers.
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Insurance and hospital industry groups reminded Trump on Wednesday of his pledge to replace Obama’s law with a system that provides affordable high-quality coverage for Americans.
One of Trump’s main proposals – allowing insurers to sell policies across state lines – draws mixed reviews within the industry. Smaller insurers tend not to like it, a reflection of the fact that health insurance is still a regional business.
Trump is a wild card for the pharmaceutical industry. At one point, he supported authorizing Medicare to negotiate prescription drug prices. He also favours letting consumers buy lower-cost medications from overseas.
Financial reform
The fate of key piece of legislation passed after the financial crisis – the Dodd-Frank regulatory reform law – is now in question. House Republicans want to repeal all or parts of Dodd-Frank.
The twist is that Wall Street, generally, has little interest in repealing Dodd-Frank. Banks have spent billions restructuring themselves to comply with the requirements of Dodd-Frank and generally believe the banking system is stronger with the law.
READ MORE: Donald Trump presidency will be ‘very difficult’ for Canada, analyst says
But the fate of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was created by Dodd-Frank, now comes into question. Congress has wanted to restructure the bureau to make it a commission, not led by a single director, and to make it subject to the congressional appropriations process. That’s now likelier.
Technology sector
Trump’s election could have a sweeping effect on the technology industry, from foreign-worker visas to international trade agreements. Mark Moerdler, an analyst at Bernstein Research, foresees potential benefits for the industry, he wrote in a research note:
“A pro-corporate administration should be positive for the software industry: streamlining red tape, lowering corporate taxes, returning overseas cash and further spurring startups.”
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Still, Trump’s anti-globalization stance could hurt such companies as Microsoft, Oracle and VMW that do big business overseas. And if Trump manages to restrict immigration and restrict H-1B visas, it could make it harder and costlier for tech companies to hire foreign IT workers.
His vows to withdraw from trade deals in favour of returning manufacturing jobs to the U.S. could raise production costs for tech companies, from giants like Apple to tiny tech startups that do manufacturing in Asia.
Clean energy policy
WATCH ABOVE: Donald Trump and trade, pipelines and environment
The president-elect is sure to be friendly to the oil and coal industries and skeptical of the renewable-energy sector. He pledged to make the U.S. a dominant player in energy, independent of OPEC oil.
It’s unclear whether Trump’s policies will have much effect on drilling, if oil prices remain relatively low, or on jobs in coal-producing states.
READ MORE: Donald Trump wins the ‘most miserable’ election result for fighting climate change, scientists say
Trump wants to unlock untapped U.S. reserves of fossil fuels. He’s supported what he calls “safe” hydraulic fracturing, which has helped U.S. oil and gas production boom. And he supports more leasing on federal lands and the Keystone XL pipeline from Canada.
What’s more, Trump wants to reverse Obama’s environmental policy to “cancel all wasteful climate change spending.”
Trump’s victory means the end for Obama’s Clean Power Plan, which would have forced states to limit carbon emissions and likely hastened the decline of U.S. coal production.
Auto industry affected
Trump’s election could shake up the auto industry, in part because he’s vowed to redo trade deals and slap tariffs on Mexican-made cars. Also uncertain is what will happen with auto safety regulations and government fuel-economy requirements. Trump favours cutting regulations that he says stifle businesses.
Ford was Trump’s punching bag for having moved production to Mexico. But most major automakers and parts suppliers have built factories there because of lower labour costs. Trump railed about corporations moving jobs across the border to exploit what he called a lopsided North American Free Trade Agreement. He vowed to scrap the pact, impose tariffs on Mexican imports and punish U.S. companies including Ford.
WATCH: What does President-Elect Donald Trump mean for Canada?
Retailers might have to raise prices if Trump makes good on his promises to repeal trade agreements. He opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which would eliminate most tariffs on goods from countries in the alliance. The National Retail Federation says the TPP, which it backs, would increase U.S. spending power by more than $1,000 per household.
Trump also wants to impose big tariffs on imports from China and undo NAFTA.
“That will spook people because so much is imported,” says Ken Perkins, president of Retail Metrics LLC, a research firm.
A risk for investors
With his threats to slap tariffs on trading partners, punish U.S. companies that move production overseas and rethink military backing for allies, Trump is widely viewed by investors as an unsettling risk.
Still, a big stock rally Wednesday in certain sectors suggested that investors think companies involved in repairing roads and bridges or in expanding transit systems could enjoy a boost under Trump’s plan to increase infrastructure spending.
READ MORE: Global markets rebound after historic Donald Trump election victory
Stocks of drugmakers also soared on expectations that Trump’s victory and Republican control of Congress make a broad crackdown on drug price gouging less likely. Hillary Clinton had vowed to use government drug-purchasing power under the Medicare program to restrain prices.
Stocks of gun makers plunged, though. People tend to buy up guns in anticipation of rules expanding gun checks and curbing certain kinds of sales, but a Trump victory helps ease that fear.
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