David Porter, an assistant section chief with the FBI's Foreign Influence Task Force, accused Russia of conducting brazen operations aimed at spreading disinformation, exploiting lines of division in society and sowing doubt about the integrity of U.S. elections

Conservative and liberal activists took to social media to push outright false or unproven claims to their online followers.

The Digital Democracy Project, an initiative from the Public Policy Forum and McGill University's Max Bell School of Public Policy, collaborated with New York University's Center for Cybersecurity to look at ads on Facebook during the first several weeks of the election.